Biography of Belinsky Wikipedia

Grigory Nikiforovich received his last name upon admission to the seminary from his educational authorities: his father was a priest of the village of Belyni, Nizhne-Lomovsky district of the Penza lips. Belinsky, on the other hand, began to be written by the grandson of the Belinsky priest, who was famous for this name, already when he was a student. The receiver from the font of the future brilliant critic, of course, came in absentia to Cesarevich Konstantin Pavlovich.

In the city of Chebar, Penza province.

Here his famous son spent his childhood and adolescence. The whole life path traveled by Belinsky was heavy; Gorky were his childhood. The home environment in which he grew up was directly terrifying; He found little warmth and greetings in a rude, non -intulgogen home environment. Belinsky’s father was a man of very low spiritual qualities. The message of one person who knew the Belinsky family and wrote to Vissarion Grigoryevich speaks quite about his vanity that, upon receipt of his father of a college assessor in the house, he was “overwhelmed by one illness, and your dad is most suffering; She is known to me under the name of the vanity of the nobility.

" According to I. Lazhechnikov, “the society that the child met with the father were city officials, most of the police officers, with whom the county doctor was doing in their position. He saw this society, often behind Erofeich and Punch, he heard speeches, rotating most about private interests, seasoned with cynicism and vile reaches, saw his own eyes and blackness, not disguised by the fear of publicity, not painted with a gloss of education, and the procession of the godmother's buckets, and evidence of various kinds, and evidence of various kinds beatings and so on.

His soul, in which the spark of God fell from childhood, could not but be indignant at the listening of these speeches, with vision of various kinds of disgusting scenes. From an early age, hatred of obscurantism, to all untusted, to everything false ... add to the reckless spectacle of a rotten society that surrounded him in infancy, homemade grief, poverty, needs that forever pursued him, and you will understand, why his works were sometimes crowded with bile, which is, in a frankly conversation with him, from his sore affairs.

Grozen-respecting speeches broke out, which seemed to strangle him. " Belinsky, if he loved his father, then respected him little; The high moral requirements that he wore in his soul forced him to blush behind his father; He wrote a student to his brother about his father: “If he suffered and now suffers, this is from himself; He is a fierce enemy, tormentor and tyrant of himself; Not people, but he himself is to blame for his misfortunes.

” Belinsky’s mother stood even lower than his father, who still studied something and loved to read Voltaire. Maria Ivanovna Belinskaya came from a very poor and insignificant noble family, which gave her an occasion more than once to reproach her husband with his distant origin, was very hot -tempered, loved squabbles and quarrels; Her tenderness for children was expressed by the fact that she exposed them to the dump.

In his memoirs, Belinsky spoke of her with even less respect and sympathy than his father. Belinsky’s memories of their childhood are heavy and gloomy: “My mother was a hunter to scour the kumushki; I, a baby, remained with a nanny, hired by a girl; So that I do not bother her with my cry, she strangled me and beat me. However, I was not breast: I was born sick at death, I didn’t take my chest and did not know it ...

I sucked a horn, and then, if the milk was a piercing and rotten, I couldn’t take fresh ... my father could not stand me, scolded, found it, beat me mercilessly and scolded him iconic - an eternal memory. I was a stranger in the family. " Belinsky wrote to one of his friends: “To have a father and mother in order to consider death to be their liberation, therefore, not a loss, but rather a acquisition, albeit woeful; To have a brother and sister, in order not to understand why and why they are my brother and sister and brother to me, to be attached to him with some kind of compassion, all this is not too comforting.

” The only bright side in the dark life of this unfortunate family was the memories of Belinsky’s grandfather, about. Nikifor, who, having grown children, retired from the world and led ascetic life in a secluded cell; He was considered a righteous, and the Belinsky family preserved a reverent memory of the grandfather of Asian. If, according to S. Vengerov, “Belinsky could inherit only her temper and inexhaustible, then“ the righteous man was reborn in the righteous of Vnuke: the grandfather did not know the torment of doubts, did not survive the tragedy of the search for a certain ideal, the happiness of the immediate clear faith fell to his share.

But the faith of the grandson at those moments when he came to a certain conclusion was no less clear, and his soul was performed by truly minute enthusiasm. He praised with no less conviction than his grandfather. " Literacy was taught by the Belinsky Chembar teacher Tsiprovskaya; Father taught him a little Latin, and about fourteen years he entered the district school that had just opened in Chebara.

It did not exceed the usual low level of the then provincial educational institutions.The pedagogy was based on flogging, among the teachers were, as expected, bitter drunkards, sometimes among the class left students for the sake of vodka, and only one of his educators - the caretaker of the school of A. Grekov, a soft and complacency person, could remember the kind of Belinsky.

The negligence and negligence of teachers provided students with significant freedom, and this served the good service of Belinsky, who read the binge and re -read almost all Russian literature of the XVIII and early XIX centuries. Perhaps Belinsky is his first work, which appeared in the press in the badly magazine “Leaf”, G. In the school, a smart and gifted boy quickly stood out from a number of his comrades; In the year, he attracted the attention of the director of the Penza Schools, the famous novelist I.

subsequently told the natives. During the exam I made, I spoke in front of me, between other students, a boy of about 12, who at first glance attracted my attention. His forehead was perfectly developed; In the eyes, the mind shone not in the years; Skinny and small, he, meanwhile, seemed older on his face, which showed his growth. He watched seriously; So I would imagine a scientist doctor between our later descendants, when, according to the predictions of science, the human race grinds.

He answered all the questions so soon, easily, with such confidence that he flew on them, like a hawk to prey, and answered for the most part in his own words, or adding something that was not even in the state leadership - proof that he read books that were not laid in classes. I especially took care of him, rushed with him from one object to another, connecting them with a continuous chain, and, I admit, tried to knock him down.

The boy went out of a difficult test with triumph. " The auditor gave Belinsky some book “For Beautiful Success in Teaching”: “The boy accepted the book without a special joyful hobby, as a tribute to himself; Without low worships that are taught the poor since childhood. ” In August, Belinsky moved from the school to the Penza gymnasium, then consisting of four classes.

In Penza, Belinsky lived in a private apartment, along with seminarians, acquaintance with whom brought him some benefit: from them, a curious gymnasium student learned a lot of such as in the gymnasium. And in it, teaching was almost better than at the district school, but it reigned, according to its other famous pupil F. Buslaev, who studied there almost simultaneously with Belinsky, "carefree lumption of morals." Belinsky studied unevenly: the worst of all, like Pushkin, mathematics and excellent - history, natural history, geography and Russian literature.

When moving from 2nd grade to the third, he received a book for success as a reward, and in the third grade he was left in the second year, as he missed many lessons. This, of course, cannot be explained by laziness, since the young man forever read and even studied books in his hand in his development, with a pen in his hand, making notes and extracts from them; In addition, he decided to enter the university without a gymnasium certificate on the exam.

Of the teachers, the teacher of natural history M. Popov, who fell in love with Belinsky, drew attention to Belinsky and later said: “I don’t remember that in Penza with someone else I spoke so sincerely, as with him, about sciences and literature. It happened, as I would go with the students out of town, Belinsky picked up to me with questions about Goethe, Walter Scott, Byron, Pushkin, about romanticism and about everything that worried our young hearts at that time ...

Belinsky read the magazines then and absorbed the spirit of field and Nadezhdin. ” Belinsky did not finish the gymnasium course, but that the reason for this was not visible from the fact that in the city he led in Penza a rather closed, he read a lot and, meeting with his comrades who called him the “philosopher”, exchanged thoughts about literary and philosophical issues with them, sometimes entered into hot debate.

The only entertainment of his life was the theater. The material side of his life was sad: “Studying in the gymnasium,” he wrote later, “I lived in poverty, wandered around the bad apartment, was in the circle of people despicable.” Belinsky, with difficulty collecting some insignificant funds, went to Moscow, for admission to the “verbal” faculty of the university.

What he joined the higher educational institution, having graduated from the schoolboy’s life and starting student life, it can be seen from his letter relating to the first months of his stay in Moscow and retaining his faithful self -esteem: “I have a fiery, passionate love for everything elegant, I have an ardent soul. Extraordinary movements often occur in my heart, the soul is often full of feelings and impressions of strong, in the mind the thoughts of tall, noble are born.

”In his aesthetic development, Belinsky by this time moved far ahead: he no longer admired, as before, equally, the creations of Derzhavin and Maxim Nevzorov: he was unpleasant to meet in the university library "Between the busts of the great writers, the busts of Sumarokov, cold, pompous and dry Heraskov." Having passed the entrance exam, Belinsky was accepted into students and the whole semester was in poverty until he was accepted for state -owned content, which at first was extremely pleased.

The professor’s teaching of that time could not satisfy Belinsky, and he began to relate to the university as he had previously treated the gymnasium, and drew knowledge everywhere except the university. Moscow University was then far from its revival, which came only in the second half of the 10ths. Aksakov, who then studied at the university, "illuminated our minds very dull and cold." Some professors took bribes; They did not go to them "empty -handed." Professor-doctor of Mudrov, the then Moscow celebrity, treated patients with prayers.

Most of the professors did not even have their own courses: literature was read “according to Bourge”, the right “on the gain” and even Kachenovsky read the general story “on the Pelitsa”. Pirogov describes lectures of other professors as "a kind of funny performance." Herzen says that a mathematics teacher “adjusted” the formulas to his needs, “taking squares for the roots, X for the famous”.

One of the deances read his item “according to the film”, explaining that “you won’t become smarter than the film, although you will write your own.” The elderly Merzlyakov no longer read. As the reputation of Moscow University was low, this is evidenced by one letter of Pushkin, who wrote to M. Pogodin in the city, however, during the time of Belinsky several professors of another, a new type: I.

Davydov, M. Pogodin, S. Shevyrev, M. Pavlov, N. Nadezhdin; Davydov, then young and brilliant, appeared with us the first planter of shelvingry. This was not a man of idea, but he knew a lot and was equally brilliant and interesting at the departments of philosophy, Latin literature, algebra, Russian literature. If he did not have it spiritually, then he still forced himself to listen to a living presentation.

Pogodin stood out from the midst of other professors with hard work and conscientiousness; Many years later, one of his listeners remembered him with gratitude: "His bright and new ideas, then still not appearing in the press, excited the most intense attention to his every word." About prof. Shevrev Belinsky spoke as one of our most remarkable writers who, from the early years of his life, who had betrayed science and art, from an early age, who performed in the noble field of acting in favor of a common knowledge, briefly familiar with the general history of literature, which is proved by many of his critical works, and especially - excellently performed by the professor at Moscow university.

Pavlov read physics, mineralogy and agriculture. Having the full opportunity to be a narrow specialist in these departments, Pavlov, who was influenced by the Natural -Philosophical School, taught the philosophical foundations of natural science. Natural science in his presentation was the science of philosophical and generalizing, and he, the first in Russia, paved the way for a completely scientific and wide study of nature.

Herzen says that "Pavlov set out the teachings of Schelling and the window with such plastic clarity that no naturalfilosof had. Physics was wise to learn at his lectures and agriculture - it was impossible, but his courses were extremely useful. Pavlov ... stopped the student with the question: “Do you want to know nature? Each of his lectures was imprinted firmly in memory, and it could be very easily repeated by heart, so one thought from another expired consistently.

When I listened to Pavlov’s first lecture, I was unusually amazed, as if some veil slept crazy and a new light shone in my head. A new world of ideas, a new look of science, has opened before me. ” It is difficult to judge the direct influence of Pavlov on Belinsky, although Pavlov read at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, his lectures were attended by students of all faculties, but Pavlov’s lectures greatly influenced Belinsky’s friend-Stankevich and through him could not but affect Belinsky.

The most important importance among these "new" professors belonged to Nadezhdin. The former listeners did not speak as enthusiastically about anyone of their teachers as about him.