Gorky plan biography

His real name is Alexey Peshkov. The father of the future writer, Maxim Peshkov, was a joiner, and his mother, Varvara Kashirin, came from a poor bourgeois family. When Gorky was three years old, he fell ill with a cholera and infected his father. The boy recovered, but Maxim Peshkov died soon. Mother married a second time, and Gorky remained in the care of her father Vasily Kashirin, the owner of a dyeing workshop.

Grandpa and grandfather raised the future writer. Vasily Kashirin taught bitter literacy from church books, and Akulina Kashirina read fairy tales and poems to him. Later, the writer recalled: “I was filled with poems by my grandmother, like a hive with honey; It seems that I thought in the forms of her poems. " By the age of the grandfather of Maxim Gorky, he went broke. The family moved to the poorest area of ​​Nizhny Novgorod - Kunavinskaya Sloboda.

To help relatives, the future writer has tried to earn money since childhood and was engaged in vetosism - he was looking for things on the streets of the city and sold them. In the year, Gorky entered the Slobodsko-Kunavinsky primary school. He studied perfectly, from teachers he received awards for good marks - books, commendable sheets. He carefully hid the paper without turning it around and not noticing my mischief ”Maxim Gorky,“ childhood ”was excluded from the school of Gorky.

After that, he was a student of a shoemaker and a drawingman, a dishwasher on a ship, an assistant to an icon painter and a seller in a merchant shop. The future writer and philosophy were interested - he studied the works of Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche. Gorky introduced his impressions of read books in a personal diary. But the future writer did not have a certificate of education, and he was not allowed to exams.

In the story “My Universities”, he later wrote: “Under the noise of a downpour and sighs of the wind, I soon guessed that the university is a fantasy ...”. Gorky did not have money to rent housing. At first, he lived with his acquaintances, and then began to earn extra money in the Kazan port and remove the corners in the nights with the tramps. A few months later, Gorky found a job in the bakery Vasily Semenov, where the people's volumes often gathered.

There he met the works of Russian revolutionaries, and soon joined one of the underground circles of the Marxists. Gorky was an agitator, he held educational conversations with illiterate and workers. Despite all the activity during the meetings, Gorky was not taken seriously. Gorky had no friends in this environment. Among the students, he was not equal to a man, but only the “son of the people”, as they called him among themselves: he was for them as a visual evidence of the “faith in the people” professed by them.

The whole opposing the world in his everyday and deed atmosphere contradicted all his long-standing expectations. The rejection of this alien world was experienced by him with the depths of the literary critic Ilya Gruzdev, the “bitter” book from the series “Life of wonderful people” was difficult for Maxim Gorky. Grandmother died, he began to arise conflicts at work, quarrels with members of the circle.

Gorky shot. He was lucky: he survived, although he fell under the church court and was excommunicated from the church.

After that, Gorky moved to Nizhny Novgorod, where he began to work as an assistant to the sworn attorney. There he met the writer Vladimir Korolenko, to whom he showed his poem “The Song of the Old Duba”. Korolenko read the work and found in it many semantic and spelling errors. Later Gorky wrote about this: “I decided not to write any more poems or prose anymore, and really all the time of my life in Nizhny - almost two years - I did not write anything.” In autobiography, he wrote: "I felt not in my place among the intelligentsia and went to travel." In the south, Gorky talked a lot with local residents, was engaged in crafts traditional for them: he caught fish, extracted salt.

On the way, he wrote stories and notes, poems in which he imitated George Byron. The writer read his works to him, and Kalyuzhin advised Gorky to be published and took the story of Makar Chudra himself to the editorial office of the Tiflis newspaper "Caucasus". The work was published in September under the pseudonym Maxim Gorky. According to Kalyuzhin, the writer explained this: "Do not write to me in literature - Peshkov." Soon Gorky returned to Nizhny Novgorod to his previous place of work.

In his free time, he continued to write stories. Gorky read them to friends and acquaintances. One of his friends sent the story “Emelian Pilyai” to the editorial office of the Moscow newspaper “Russian Vedomosti”. Soon the work was printed. On the advice of Korolenko, when working on the following works, Gorky began to carefully work out the images of the heroes, tried to withstand the unified style of the narrative.

These changes are noticeable in the story “Chelkash”, about which Korolenko wrote: “Not bad! You can create characters, people speak and act with you, from your essence, you can not interfere during their thoughts, the game of feelings, this is not given to everyone! .. I told you that you are a realist! .. But at the same time - a romantic! Gorky sent the story to the famous St.

Petersburg weekly journal Russian Wealth, where he was soon published.There he wrote about incidents in the city, theatrical events and social life, published feuilletons under the pseudonym Iegudiil Khlamid. A few months later, the writer was entrusted to conduct a literary column in which Gorky weekly printed his works. Soon he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he became the editor of the Nizhny Novgorod leaflet.

Gorky became a famous journalist. The large provincial newspaper Odessa News invited him to be a special correspondent for the publication at the All -Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition, which was held in Nizhny Novgorod in the year. In the year, the first collection of Gorky “Essays and Stories” was published. Chekhov gave Gorky advice and criticized: “Involvement is felt in the descriptions of the nature with which you interrupt the dialogs when you read them, these descriptions, you want them to be more compact, in short, that way in the lines.” The writer liked Gorky's fairy tales, including the Song of the Falcon.

In the year, the Life newspaper published Foma Gordeev. In Nizhny Novgorod, Maxim Gorky took up social activities: he arranged charitable evenings, New Year's Christmas trees for the children of the poor. The writer was constantly under the supervision of the police, because he did not cease to communicate with the revolutionaries. The mood is gloomy. The back hurts, the chest, too, the head helps them in this ...

With grief and from a bad mood, he began to drink vodka and even write poetry. I think that the writer’s position is not such a sweet position ”Maxim Gorky, from correspondence with Anton Chekhov in the year of Gorky was sent from Nizhny Novgorod for the promotion of revolutionary ideas to the small city of Arzamas. Before the link, he was allowed to go to Crimea to improve health: the writer had tuberculosis.

The premiere took place three years later during a tour in St. Petersburg in March, but passed without success. Soon after the exit of the performance, the Gorky link ended, and he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he finished the play “At the bottom”. On the stage of the Art Theater in Moscow, the premiere of the performance of the same name took place in December. They carefully selected the actors, carried out long rehearsals.

The writer himself also helped the directors. He wanted the performers of the main roles to get used to the images of the tramps. Otherwise, you will turn a serious play into a simple melodrama. It was necessary to learn the special style of the tramp and not mix it with the usual household theatrical tone or with acting vulgar recitation. Then the spectacular words of the Bosyatsky aphorisms and the ornate phrases will be filled with the spiritual essence of the poet himself, and the artist will be worried with him ”Konstantin Stanislavsky,“ My Life in Art ”“ The Prime Minister “At the Bottom” was successful, it was difficult to get tickets for the performance.

However, in government publications the play was criticized, and soon they were forbidden to play in provincial theaters without special permission. In the same year, Gorky headed the publishing house "Knowledge". For publication, he tried to choose works that were understandable even to readers from workers and peasants. Gorky wrote: “The best, most valuable and at the same time the most attentive and strict reader of our days is a competent working, competent man-democrat.

This reader is looking for in the book, first of all, answers to his social and moral bewilderment, his main desire is for freedom. ” He adhered to the same principles in his works of the following years - the plays “Barbaras”, “Summer” and “Children of the Sun”, in which he criticized the bourgeoisie. Gorky supported the rebellious workers and wrote the proclamation “to all Russian citizens and the public opinion of the European states”, in which he called for an “immediate, stubborn and friendly struggle against autocracy”.

Foreign artists reacted to the arrest of Gorky. Under the pressure of society, already in February, the writer was released. To avoid a new detention, Gorky left the country. Due to the aggravation of tuberculosis at the end of the year, Gorky left for Italy and settled on the island of Capri near Naples. In exile, Gorky wrote a lot. He created the novel "Mother", which inspired him with revolutionary events at the Sormovsky factory.

In full form, a work from a distance in Germany, in Russia a reduced version was removed from the press. The next work of Gorky - the play “Enemies” - did not allow censorship to publish. The writer was allowed to return to Russia. Friends and relatives dissuaded him. Lenin wrote: "I am terribly afraid that this will damage health and undermine your performance." Gorky postponed the return for several months.

By December, he graduated from the Autobiographical Tale "Childhood" and went to Russia. The writer settled in St. Petersburg, where he again fell under the supervision of the police. Despite this, he continued to communicate with revolutionaries, write articles about the fate of Russia and criticize power.