Bulgakov 2 biographies

Gogol Gogol-Lit. Bulgakovs are a provincial noble intelligent family.

The father of the father was enough for a large family with the elder, Mikhail, there were two brothers and four sisters for a comfortable existence. The situation was somewhat complicated after the untimely death of Athanasius Ivanovich. But still, the early death of the father and the living hardships associated with her did not prevent the future writer from getting a good education.

He graduated from the First Alexander Gymnasium, where the children of the Russian intelligentsia of Kyiv studied. The level of teaching in the gymnasium was high, sometimes even university professors conducted classes. In the Bulgakov family, the main role in raising children was played by a mother, Varvara Mikhailovna, nee Pokrovskaya, daughter of Archpriest of the Kazan Cathedral Church in the city of Karachay, the Oryol province.

The woman is energetic, with a strong -willed character and at the same time unusually tactful and kind, she, as they say, led the house. Mikhail Bulgakov inherited the love of music and books from his mother. In the year, Mikhail Bulgakov entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. In the year, the future doctor married T. Lapp, the daughter of the manager of the Saratov Treasury Chamber.

The Lapp family, the pillar nobles, is another world, the world of the noble aristocracy, the highest bureaucracy, where the prosperity is higher and the lifestyle is somewhat different than that of the Bulgakovs. The parents of the young were wary of their novel, who ended in marriage only five years after meeting, but then resigned themselves. Bulgakov and Tatyana Nikolaevna rented an apartment on the Andreevsky descent; They lived modestly.

Kyiv at the beginning of the century was a large theater center, and young spouses often visited theatrical premieres. Bulgakov, who loved and understood music, listened several times to Chaliapin, who came on tour. The First World War erupted in the year, destroying the hopes of Bulgakov and millions of his peers for a peaceful and prosperous future, although the breath of war in Kyiv was completely not immediately felt.

After graduating from the university, Bulgakov himself worked in the field hospital first in Kamenetz-Podolsky, then in Chernivtsi. It was the time of the breakthrough of the Austrian front by the armies of General Brusilov in May-June of the year. Russian troops suffered heavy losses, Bulgakov saw the suffering of hundreds, thousands of crippled people.

In September, Bulgakov was recalled from the front and sent to manage the Zemstvo Nikolsky rural hospital in the Sychevsky district of the Smolensk province, and in the fall of the year he became the head of the infectious and venereal department of the city zemstvo hospital in Vyazma. This period of his life was reflected in the “Notes of the Young Doctor” documents, in particular, the certificate issued by Bulgakov Zemstvo Administration, indicate that he was a good doctor, for a year of work in the Nikolsk hospital he took more than 15 thousand patients and successfully performed many surgical operations.

The February Revolution violated the usual world order, made visible changes to the life of a young doctor. A few months after the October Revolution, Bulgakov was released from military service, he was listed as a warrior of the militia of the II category and worked as a zemstvo doctor as a military person as a military person and returned to Kyiv, who was soon occupied by the German troops.

So the future writer plunged into the whirlpool of the Civil War. In Vladikavkaz at the very end of the th or at the beginning of the year, Bulgakov left the ranks of the Denikin army and began to cooperate in local newspapers, forever, in his own words, throwing medicine. The first story was created in the fall. In winter, Bulgakov writes several stories and feuilleton, one of which was “a tribute to admiration”, published in February in one of the North Caucasian newspapers, partially preserved in the Bulgakov archive.

Shortly before the retreat of the whites from Vladikavkaz, Bulgakov fell ill with a return typhoid. When he recovered in the early spring of the year, the city already occupied units of the Red Army. Bulgakov began to cooperate in the arts of the art of the local jacket. For the first Soviet Theater of Vladikavkaz, for the Ossetian and Ingush Theater groups, he wrote plays. In general, the plays of the Vladikavkaz period were primarily with agitates-one-day, they were written in order to earn an urgent piece of bread, and the genuine skill of Bulgakov-dramaturgy did not yet open.

In May, the successful production of “sons of the mullah” gave the author of the play a sufficient amount of money to leave Vladikavkaz to Tiflis, where he was counting on more favorable conditions for literary and dramatic activity. The Vladikavkaz impressions served as the material for the story “Notes on the Cuffs”, just as the ups and downs of the Bulgakov biography of the Civil War were reflected in the novel “White Guard” and the stories “Extraordinary Adventures of the Doctor” and “On the Night of the 3rd”.

In Tiflis, and then in Batumi, Bulgakov had a real opportunity to emigrate. But he already then realized that the Russian writer should live and write in Russia. He decides to stop in Moscow, where, after a short stop in Kyiv, he arrived in September.The transition period from military communism to NEP was almost more difficult in the country's life than the era of military communism itself.

But as the new economic policy becomes, it became easier to live. Bulgakov’s financial situation was also strengthened. Since the spring of the year, he began to regularly be printed on the pages of Moscow newspapers and magazines, as well as in the Berlin newspaper "On the eve". In satirical feuilletons and essays, the object of the Bulgakov satire becomes not only “NEP NEP” - the navorish -nepmans “Trillionaire”, “The Chalice of Life”, but also the part of the population whose low cultural level was observed by the writer: the inhabitants of the Moscow communal services, market traders, incompetent co -servants and others.

But Bulgakov sees the sprouts of the new, signs of the return of life in a normal direction. In the story “Fatal Eggs” created in the year, Bulgakov transferred the action to an imaginary future - in the year when the results of the new economic policy have already led to a sharp rise in the standard of living of the people. The great discovery of Professor Persikov, who can bring good to all of humanity, turns into a tragedy, finding himself in the hands of semi -literate, self -confident people, that new bureaucracy that flourished in the era of military communism and strengthened its positions during the years of NEP.

It is no accident that in the Bulgakov stories of the 10ths, talented heroes fail. The “fatal eggs” showed the unpreparedness of society to accept new humanistic principles of relationships based on respect for hard work, culture and knowledge, in the “dog heart” the same problem is considered at the personality level, and it turns out that the moral consciousness of the worker is far from complies with the requirements presented by a new system.

In the same year, the second wife of Bulgakova is Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya. From the first days of literary activity, Bulgakov experienced persecution by Rapp of the “frantic jealousy”, who protected the “ideological purity” of literature and art. In their most significant plays “Days of the Turbins” and “Run” created in the GG. Here, the playwright showed the very beginning of the process, which very soon led to the formation of the "new intelligentsia." In the year, the attacks of critics on Bulgakov reached the climax.

All his plays were shot from the stage - “Turbine Days”, the Pampflet play “Crimson Island” and the household comedy “Zoikina Apartment”. After the Glavrepertkom did not recommend a new Bulgakov play “Moliere” for production, the playwright wrote a large letter to the government on March 28. As in the letter written in September in the name of the Secretary of the CEC of the USSR, Bulgakov pointed out that the complete prohibition of his works in the USSR made it impossible to maintain even a simple physical existence and therefore asked him to allow him to go abroad.

The letter had an action: on April 18, Stalin called Bulgakov. As a result of the conversation, the writer's request was satisfied with the appointment of him in the Moscow Art Theater by the director Asistent in the year due to the conflict with the leadership of the theater after the removal of Moliere, Bulgakov left the art Theater to a large Librettist. Now Bulgakov, until the end of his life, will no longer have to think about a piece of bread.

However, after a year at his homeland, the writer did not see a single single one in the press. So, in the year, Bulgakov, together with Anna Akhmatova, prepared a letter to Stalin in defense of her arrested husband and son. In the year, he turned to the same address to mitigate the fate of his exiled friend, playwright Nikolai Erdman. A similar appeal at that time from the writer, who had a reputation of the "semi -opal", was a risky business.

This act is a vivid evidence of the civil courage of Bulgakov. After a conversation with Stalin, Bulgakov received a livelihood and the opportunity to create - but during his lifetime he could not make his creations a universal property. After the attempt to publish his novel “The Life of Mr. de Moliere”, Bulgakov, until his death, followed on March 10, did not try to publish his works in the series of ZhZL in the year.

The work of life for him was the work on the novel “Master and Margarita”, which lasted almost twelve years, and the last year and a half - already a deadly sick writer, who realized that the novel would not be able to see the novel. But Bulgakov believed that the time would come when the compatriots created by him would create their own great work - “Masters and Margarita”, where the declared ideal simultaneously turns out to be heavenly and real to touch, Bulgakov gave a new impulse to the movement of Russian literature in its search for moral truth.

Since February, friends and relatives constantly on duty at the bed of M. in front of the panichid, Moscow sculptor S. Merkurov removed the posthumous mask from M. Bulgakov.